Prepping for Your Annual Review

Q. It’s time for your yearly performance review. You aren’t expecting any big surprises, but you still feel a little nervous. How should you prepare for this meeting?

A. Start by making a list of your responsibilities at work and writing your own performance review in each of those areas, says Shawn Kent Hayashi, the founder of the Professional Development Group and the author of “Conversations for Creating Star Performers.” “Thinking through how you’ve done,” she says, “will prevent you from overreacting to feedback because you know what to expect.”

Annual reviews give you the chance to discuss and formulate goals for the next year. Before the meeting, write down the goals you envision for yourself. These can be very specific, like reaching a certain sales target or mastering particular software, or something more general, like increasing professional development activities, says Stephen R. Balzac, president of 7 Steps Ahead, a management consulting firm in Stow, Mass., and a professor of organizational psychology at the Wentworth Institute of Technology in Boston.

As you think about your work over the last year, try to anticipate anything negative that may come up in the review. Prepare for it by looking over old notes and e-mails to remember specific situations and your actions and behavior at the time, Mr. Balzac says. Good preparation will reduce anxiety.

Q. At the review, you get some very positive feedback. Can you use it as a springboard to ask for something you want?

A. Build on those positive feelings by saying you want to go further in 2012. “Talk about your strengths, how you want to use those to help the organization and where you see growth opportunities for yourself at the company,” says Kimberley Bohr, senior vice president for client development at Fierce, a leadership development firm in Seattle. If you have something specific in mind, like a role on a particular project, this is the time to bring it up, she says.

If you work for a very small company where the owners make decisions about pay raises, your review could be an appropriate time to ask for one, as long as you are a high performer, Ms. Hayashi says. Bigger companies, however, have a formal budget process and your boss will probably have to get approval from higher-ups to give you an increase. That can take a few months, she says, so bring up the issue to your boss at least two months before your review.

“There should never be surprises during your performance review, because it’s a summary of all the conversations you’ve had prior to it,” Ms. Hayashi says. “And that includes one about compensation.”

Q. What if the feedback is unexpectedly negative?

A. Even though your manager should have given you some advance warning of the criticism, take a deep breath before you speak, and don’t be defensive. “You never want your performance review to be confrontational, so start by thanking your manager for the valuable feedback,” says Ms. Hayashi, whose firm is based in Center Valley, Pa.

It’s important to be clear about the specific behavior your manager is criticizing, so ask for examples to help you better understand the problem. If your boss says you are too aggressive in meetings, for example, ask for instances of that behavior.

“Then ask your manager what she would recommend to help you improve in that area,” Ms. Hayashi says. “Would she be willing to guide your development to turn that around over the next 30 to 90 days? Suggest checking in each week about it.”

Q. Performance reviews offer a chance for you to plan your career development — and you don’t want to squander that. What should you talk about?

A. Broadly, the discussion should center on your future at the company and your professional aspirations. Show that you are optimistic and excited about both, says Patrick Sweeney, president of the management consulting firm Caliper in Princeton, N.J., and co-author of “Succeed on Your Own Terms.”

“Be as specific as you can about what you want moving forward, such as: ‘In three years I’d love to be leading projects. How can I move in that direction this year?’ ” he says.

It’s also important to take some control of your manager’s perception of you.

“So many companies have gone through cutbacks in personnel that those left are doing more than their own jobs,” Mr. Sweeney says. “Your boss knows more is getting done, but here is your chance to let him know exactly what you have been doing and why you can handle other opportunities within the company.”

 

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How Low Can Rates Go?

If your New Year’s resolutions include buying a house or refinancing, the Federal Reserve has you covered. It has committed to keep long-term interest rates low through next year, so a 30-year mortgage will be pegged about where it is now — 4.32 percent in New York — at least through spring, said Frank E. Nothaft, the chief economist at Freddie Mac.

“Rates are very much at the bottom,” Mr. Nothaft said. But, he added, they may start inching up in the second half of the year. “If you’re planning to refinance, do it sooner rather than later.”

In order to cash in fully on some of the lowest interest rates ever recorded, buyers and owners need to start taking steps now, experts say. Rather than look for a house you really want, they suggest first finding out how much money you can afford to borrow, and what you can do in the next three to six months to improve your creditworthiness.

“Sometimes it takes a few extra months to get your ducks in a row,” particularly if there are mistakes or blemishes on your credit report, said Gene Tricozzi, the president of Northern Funding Corporation, a mortgage brokerage in Clifton Park, N.Y. If your score is below 700, your mortgage interest rate could be a quarter to a half percentage point higher than for those with stronger scores, experts say.

Start by ordering copies of your credit reports and reviewing them for inaccuracies or disputes. Tracy Becker, the president of North Shore Advisory Inc., a credit restoration company in Tarrytown, N.Y., suggests doing this a year in advance, if possible, to give yourself ample time to fix any issues, like an inadvertently missed payment or an address error.

Do not close any credit accounts now; doing so can reduce your score by as much as 60 points, she said, adding that banks like to see two to four accounts in the applicant’s name.

Once your credit score is established, identify two or three mortgage bankers or brokers whom you may want to work with. Ask friends, people in your religious or social circles, or your accountant for recommendations. Then do the due diligence on each candidate and meet with them to see who is the best fit.

Determine what your down payment and other out-of-pocket costs will be as you figure out what you can afford to buy. Use a mortgage calculator, or ask the mortgage officers to give you a range that would be comfortable.

Closing costs may be more difficult to estimate because they usually include prepaid real estate taxes and various fees for title insurance, mortgage taxes and more. Total closing costs in 2010 on a $200,000 mortgage were $3,843 in Connecticut and $6,183 in New York state, according to research by Bankrate.com in June.

Those figures exclude association fees, prepaid items and state taxes, which in New York City and a few other places can run 1.9 percent of the loan value for the mortgage recording tax.

It is a good idea to discuss your plan to buy a home with a financial planner or accountant. Your tax adviser may be able to guide you on tax deductions and decisions for your 2011 return. Some mortgages, including those offered by the Federal Housing Administration and those made to self-employed individuals, require two years of tax returns.

In those cases, taxpayers may want to be “a little less aggressive” with deductions so the income figure looks stronger, said Matt Hackett, the underwriting manager of Equity Now, a direct mortgage lender based in New York..

Finally, keep an eye on those interest rates. Mr. Nothaft expects the 30-year fixed mortgage rate to end the year “well below 5 percent” — which could still mean a 0.75-point increase a year from now.

 

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If I can help you with any additional information regarding this article, or with any of your home buying or selling needs or if you know someone who would like some assistance, please feel free to visit my website to learn more about me www.AdrienneFrancis.com or text or call me at (201) 259-4449.

 

Helping Homeowners Dig Out

WITH interest rates at historic lows, the expansion of a federal refinancing program could help more homeowners who owe more than their property is worth move out of higher-rate or adjustable loans into something more affordable and stable.

The biggest change to the plan, called the Home Affordable Refinance Program, or HARP, raises the debt limit at which such borrowers can obtain a new mortgage. Those who owe more than 125 percent of their home’s value are now eligible; the previous limit for many government programs was 97 percent to 125 percent. The percentage ratio is known as loan-to-value, or LTV. The government also reduced some fees.

While homeowners moving into fixed-rate mortgages will have no ceiling on their loan-to-value ratio, those who are sticking with an adjustable-rate mortgage will have a limit of 105 percent, said Jack Guttentag, a retired finance professor who now writes and runs a Web site called the Mortgage Professor. (ARMs are allowed if the initial rate is fixed for at least five years.)

The expansion could more than double the number of people who have refinanced under the Home Affordable Refinance Program, which in the first two years has helped 900,000 borrowers, according to the Federal Housing Finance Agency. This could mean one million refinancings in 2012, and a similar number in 2013.

The expanded program, dubbed HARP 2, could be “a potential lifeline for people who are underwater,” said Michael Bizenov, an executive vice president of Sterling National Bank, which has branches throughout New York and Long Island. But Mr. Bizenov and others say the program is getting a slow rollout.

You must meet three basic criteria to qualify for a HARP 2 refinancing:

  • Your mortgage must be owned by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, and must have originated on or before May 31, 2009. (Each has a Web site page that will check your address for eligibility.)
  • You must have been current on your mortgage for at least six straight months and have had at most one late payment in the last 12 months. If you are uncertain, check with your servicer or look on your statements for any late charges.
  • Your loan-to-value ratio must be above 80 percent, and you cannot have previously refinanced under HARP.

The next step is to visit your current lender’s Web site or office to start the discussion. “They’re the first ones who could help you if you’re eligible,” said Erin Lantz, the director of the Zillow Mortgage Marketplace, which has a tool that lets owners see if they qualify.

Some lenders started offering HARP 2 loans this month, while others will not begin until January. John Forlines, the vice president and chief credit officer for single-family product at Fannie Mae, said it would be fully rolled out by most lenders by mid-March.

Bank of America, one of the nation’s largest mortgage lenders, has already instituted the lower pricing and fees on HARP 2 mortgages and will begin making the higher loan-to-value refinancing in January, said Terry Francisco, a senior vice president. Wells Fargo, another big lender, said it would be “some time” before it started the expanded program.Both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac will waive many closing fees for owners refinancing into a 15- or 20-year HARP mortgage. This could save borrowers charges ranging from a quarter of a percentage point to two percentage points of the loan amount, though banks are free to set their own fees.But going to a 15- or 20-year mortgage from, say, a 30-year mortgage or an interest-only one in an effort to build equity faster could set off a closer review of your finances if your monthly payment increased by 20 percent or more, Mr. Forlines said.

 

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116 Wexford Way, Basking Ridge, NJ 079290 MLS# 2905610

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12 Things You Didn’t Know Facebook Could Do

The designers and engineers who build Facebook are anything but complacent about their success. They face a constant threat from the career-centric LinkedIn, specialized upstarts like Instagram’s mobile photo network and now Google’s fast-growing Google+, an attempt to improve on Facebook’s core design that has picked up tens of millions of users in its first few weeks.

So Facebook has been adding features to make the reigning social network more useful and convenient.

As the number of features grows, though, so does a corresponding problem: Most of Facebook’s 750 million users don’t know these features exist. Some don’t know how to find them, some don’t go hunting for them in Facebook’s ever-growing interface of controls and many don’t even think of them in the first place. A few minutes of exploration can uncover functions that make Facebook not just an addiction but a pleasure to use.

EDIT LINK NAMES AND DESCRIPTIONS If you want to post a link to your Facebook page but don’t like the title or description that Facebook automatically pulls from the linked page, you can change it. Before you click the Share button, click on the title or description in your pending post. They will change into editing boxes, like those to rename a file on your computer desktop. When you’re done editing, press Enter to save your changes.

TAG FRIENDS IN UPDATES AND COMMENTS If you type the name of a Facebook friend while editing a status update or a comment, Facebook will automatically create a link to the friend’s page. In fact, it will pop up a list of possible completions for names like “John.” Once you’ve entered a name, you can backspace over it to erase the last name for informality’s sake, or click in the middle to edit the first, turning “Kenneth Smith” into “Kenneth” or “Smith.” Sorry, you can only shorten names — you can’t edit “Kenneth Smith” into “Snuggles.”

POST A PLAYABLE MP3 If you paste a link that ends in “.mp3” into a status update, Facebook will create a player in the middle of the update that lets other users play the music file without having to click through to its host site.

MAKE A PHOTO YOUR PROFILE PICTURE Any photo on Facebook that has been tagged with your name includes an extra blue link at the lower-left corner of its page labeled Make Profile Picture. Click that, and Facebook pops up an editing page in which you can crop the photo to be just right for your profile.

CREATE A POLL Hiding in plain sight above the box to enter status updates is a Question button. Posting a question looks just like posting an update, except that it takes the first three answers from your friends and turns them into a poll to keep the discussion focused. You can also set up the poll with your own answers, or add more to those Facebook creates.

COLLABORATE ON A DOCUMENT Within a Group page, click on Docs at the top of the page and then the Create a Doc button on the right-hand side to create a text-only document that everyone in the group can edit. When you save the document, it will be posted to the group’s feed, just like a status update, with an Edit button in the upper-right corner. To see previous revisions, click Recent Changes.

INVITE NON-FACEBOOKERS TO AN EVENT When you are creating an event on Facebook, the Select Guests menu shows your existing friends, but it also lets you enter the e-mail addresses of people who do not have Facebook accounts. Type one or more e-mail address, separated by commas, into the Invite by E-mail Address box. Your invitees will receive a message with a link to your event page that, unfortunately, prompts them to sign up for Facebook before they can look at it.

GET THE TICKER OUT OF YOUR WAY Facebook recently added a constantly scrolling window on the right side of the screen that shows your friends’ updates as they come in. Fun for some, agitating for others. You can’t turn it off entirely, but you can make the moving ticker as small as possible. Using your cursor, grab the bar that separates the Ticker from your Facebook Chat window. Drag it upward until the Ticker is as small as possible — the size of two status updates. That will reduce the level of unwanted distraction it causes while you’re trying to read the rest of the page, while still letting you see new updates.

ADD A CALENDAR TO YOUR PAGE If you’re a business owner, a team coach or a performer who wants to keep everyone on Facebook apprised of your coming events, simply creating separate Facebook events for each one can be ineffective. These can get lost in the stream of events, making it hard for people to check for, say, your next game. As an alternative, use the Social Calendar app, which was not developed by Facebook. Go to facebook.com/SocialCalendar and click the Add to My Page link in the lower left corner. That will pop up a menu of pages you manage. Click Add to Page next to one or more pages, then click Close. Those pages will now include a Calendar link in their upper left corner, just below Wall, Info and Photos. Social Calendar is pretty smart — it will autocomplete the names of events you’ve already created, and if you type in an Address field, it will add a map link to the location on the calendar. But for maximum attendance, you should still post status updates announcing an event.

TRACK YOUR PAGE’S SUCCESS On any page you own, whether it is for your business or your clog-dancing club, click View Insights in the upper right corner. Facebook will display charts of user information and page interactions. Beyond the number of Likes and comments, it will plot a graph of page views and user feedback, plus a breakdown of which Web domains are sending traffic to your page, and the demographics of your visitors. If you want to do your own number-crunching, you can export the data into an Excel-compatible file.

KEEP A BIRTHDAY PARTY A SECRET Do you want to let everyone except one or two people know what you’re up to? Edit a status update as usual, but before you post, click the lock icon below the editing box. That will pop up a menu with options for specifying who can see your update. By default, it’s set to Everyone. Choose Customize instead, and in the dialog box that pops up, enter one or more names in the box near the bottom that says Hide This From. There’s another button to make this your default setting for future updates, so you needn’t worry about accidental oversharing.

BLOCK ANNOYING COMMENTERS Do you have a friend who constantly posts inappropriate comments on your updates but whom you can’t bring yourself to unfriend? In the uppermost right corner of Facebook, click Account and choose Privacy Settings. That will take you to a page labeled Choose Your Privacy Settings. Near the bottom is a section labeled Sharing on Facebook. Hiding at the bottom of that section is a link labeled Customize Settings. Scroll down to Things Others Share. There’s a setting for “Permission to comment on your posts.” It works just like the filter for sharing status updates: click Customize, and enter names of people to keep Facebook from presenting them with comment features when they look at your posts. Maybe they’ll get the hint.

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Need help with a down payment on a home? Some good tips here.

WITH most lenders requiring home buyers to put down at least 20 percent — and sometimes, with more expensive properties, an even greater amount — the best holiday gift some people might receive would be help with the down payment.

Under federal tax law, each individual is permitted to give away money or valuables worth up to $13,000 to a single recipient in a calendar year. A married couple could jointly bestow up to $26,000 a year per recipient.

“It really can be $52,000” if the recipient also has a partner, said Mike Maye, the owner of MJM Financial, a financial planning firm in Berkeley Heights, N.J.

And if the gift-givers wanted to spread even more good cheer into the next calendar year — perhaps distributing some future inheritance money — they could easily double the amount to the same couple, to $104,000.

“Give them one for Hanukkah or Christmas,” said Edward Ades, a partner in Universal Mortgage in Park Slope, Brooklyn, “and a week later give them another for New Year’s.”

The biggest barrier to buying a home these days is saving for the down payment, according to a survey released in September by Trulia. The survey, conducted over the summer by Harris Interactive, was based on responses from 2,207 people, including 758 renters who expressed an interest in buying a home at that time. Fifty-one percent of those renters said coming up with the money for the down payment was keeping them from buying (and 62 percent among adults 18 to 34), while 36 percent identified qualifying for a mortgage as the stumbling block.

“It’s a huge piece for first-time buyers,” Mr. Ades said. “Sometimes even the second-time home buyers are getting help from the family,” especially if their new residence needs renovation.

Mr. Ades estimates that 30 to 50 percent of Universal Mortgage clients who are first-time buyers receive some gifts toward the down payment.

A 20 percent down payment on a $780,000 condominium or co-op — the median price in New York City during the third quarter, according to the Real Estate Board of New York — would require a buyer to come up with $156,000, plus closing costs. (Lenders may require an even higher down payment, of 25 to 30 percent, on jumbos mortgages.)

Relatives could, of course, give the entire $156,000 down payment, though anything above the maximum annual exemption could be considered a taxable gift and must be reported to the Internal Revenue Service.

There is also the option of lending a relative or close friend the money for the down payment, or the closing costs, then forgiving the loan in a future year, said Lori R. Price, a financial planner and owner of the Price Financial Group in Wilton, Conn. The recipient would have to pay interest on the loan until it was forgiven, at which point it would become a gift, Ms. Price said.

Another way to help with the down payment is to pay some of the grandchildren’s tuition bills, Ms. Price added, thereby freeing up money for the parents to make a home purchase or refinance a mortgage. Gifts for educational or medical expenses are not subject to taxes at all, as long as they are paid directly to the educational or medical institution.

But before giving money to a son, a daughter or a niece, gift-givers must of course consider their own financial picture. And they must make sure the recipient “is not being chased by creditors and is responsible,” Mr. Maye said.

Once the check has been handed over, he pointed out, the money can be used for any purpose.

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2011 – The last year for these tax deductions

They say good things come to those who wait. They also say he who hesitates is lost. But when it comes to half a dozen juicy tax breaks, it’s the second “they” you should listen to, because he who waits until Jan. 1, 2012, to take advantage of them will be out of luck.

Here are six tax deductions and credits that will expire at year’s end — unless Congress extends them.

1. Energy-Efficient Home Upgrades

Making energy-saving improvements to your home not only cuts down on heating and cooling costs, it also earns you a tax credit. For example, if you add extra insulation in your attic, replace drafty old windows with modern thermal-pane models, or install an energy-efficient heater or air conditioner, you’re eligible for a tax credit of 10% of the cost, up to $500. You don’t have to attach the manufacturer’s certification that the property meets the requirements for the credit to your tax return, but you must maintain records that establish your entitlement. However, if you’ve claimed this credit for upgrades in past years, you can’t do it again: It’s a one-time deal.

2. Higher Education Expenses

The above-the-line deduction of up to $4,000 for qualified higher education expenses won’t be available after 2011, so you might want to consider prepaying eligible expenses for 2012 if you haven’t already reached the cap for this year. Generally, the deduction applies to tuition and fees paid in connection with enrollment at an institution of higher education during 2011 or the first three months of 2012. The maximum deduction is available to taxpayers with adjusted gross incomes of up to $65,000 for singles and $130,000 for joint filers. A deduction of $2,000 is allowed for singles with adjusted gross incomes of up to $80,000, or joint filers with adjusted gross incomes up to $160,000.

3. Adoption Help

The Adoption Credit and Adoption Assistance Program lets adoptive parents claim a credit against their federal tax of up to $13,360 for “qualified adoption expenses” for each adopted child. If an employer pays the expenses, adoptive parents may be able to exclude up to $13,360 from their gross incomes. Both the credit and the exclusion are reduced (phased out) if parents’ income exceeds certain limits, says Gail Rosen, a certified public accountant with Gail Rosen CPA. Though new access to the credit expires when the program ends on Jan. 1, the rules allowed the credit to be carried forward over five years, and Rosen doesn’t see anything to would indicate that will change.

4. Sales Tax

If you don’t pay state and local income taxes — a common situation for retired public employees or those living in ‘no-income-tax’ states like Florida — you have had the choice of using the optional sales tax deduction to cut your federal income tax. After 2011, that option goes away. So if you’re planning to buy big-ticket items like a new car in the near future, you might want to push them up into 2011 to get those last deductions, says Rosen.

5. Mortgage Insurance Premiums

It’s bad enough that home values nationally are down to their 2003 levels. As of 2012, you won’t even be able to take the mortgage insurance premium deduction. 2011 is the last time homeowners with joint adjusted gross incomes of less than $109,000 will be able to deduct the cost of mortgage insurance on a first or second home.

6. Teachers’ Classroom Materials

It’s something nearly all educators do these days — buying classroom supplies and paying for them out of their own pockets. For years, K-12 teachers, instructors, counselors, principals or aides who worked in a school for at least 900 hours during a school year could claim an “above the line” deduction for up to $250 of expenses incurred for books, supplies, computer equipment or supplementary materials used in the classroom. Shop now, teachers: Starting next year, that deduction will disappear like kids vanishing from the classroom when the bell rings.

How to Know if You Qualify for Tax Credits

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A New Shot at Mortgage Relief

William Compton has tried twice to refinance the mortgage on his home in Florida, but has been turned down each time.

Like millions of other homeowners, William D. Compton would like to refinance his mortgage so that he pays less each month for his three-bedroom house in Gulf Breeze, Fla. With the savings, he figures he could afford a few extra movies and restaurant dinners or he could buy a new stove and brakes for his car, purchases he has postponed because finances are so tight.

Although he would appear to be a good candidate, Mr. Compton, 57, has been turned down twice for a federal refinancing program aimed at homeowners like him.

Still, he has renewed hope. That’s because the government is expanding the Home Affordable Refinance Program, which was meant to help homeowners whose mortgages are backed by the government and whose home values have declined sharply, even below what the borrowers owe. Mr. Compton is one of those underwater homeowners.

When the Treasury Department announced the program, referred to as HARP, two years ago, it said it could help four million to five million homeowners whose home values had plunged. Yet just 900,000 borrowers — whose loans are owned by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the government-sponsored housing finance companies — have successfully refinanced through the program. Starting early next month, though, banks will begin using new criteria intended to make more borrowers eligible: raising the ceiling on how much owners can borrow over the value of their home as well as relaxing rules that might force banks to take back bad loans from the government. In announcing the change, the Federal Housing Finance Agency, which oversees Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, carefully eased expectations, suggesting about 900,000 more homeowners would be helped, roughly doubling the size of the program to date.

Analysts welcomed the change, but some criticized it for still not capturing nearly enough of the people who could benefit from lower interest rates.

Of the 22 million borrowers who could be eligible for the government refinancing program, nearly 70 percent of them are paying interest rates of 5 percent or more, according to CoreLogic, a research firm. Conventional mortgage rates are currently closer to 4 percent.

Greater participation could help the beleaguered housing market, which showed renewed signs of decline in data released on Tuesday, as well as help shore up the broader economy.

“The universe is much larger than what has come through the pipeline,” said Paul Ballew, chief economist at Nationwide Insurance. Mr. Ballew said that if 10 million more people refinanced and saved an average of $200 a month, that would work out to be about $24 billion a year of additional spending power in the economy.

Other economists and officials of the Federal Housing Finance Agency say it is unrealistic to expect all those borrowers to refinance. Some people are wary of government programs, while others will be put off by upfront application fees and the paperwork burden. Those who have home equity loans or second mortgages could face tougher approvals.

Since the refinancing program is optional, lenders may impose additional restrictions. What is more, it is costly to devote staff to refinancing applications, so lenders may simply be reluctant to do so.

Mr. Compton has calculated that a refinancing would save him and his wife, Lynne, about $275 on their $1,397 monthly payment. He has not missed a payment, despite being laid off from one job and enduring two pay cuts in the last two years. His salary is now roughly two-thirds what it was when they bought the house five years ago — a house that has since fallen in value.

The loan servicer, JPMorgan Chase, initially turned down the refinancing application because the Comptons had been living in another, smaller property they owned while renting out their main house.

The couple moved back in September and reapplied after changing their drivers’ licenses and utility bills.

This time, a loan officer told Mr. Compton, who works as a public transportation planner, that he did not qualify because his loan had been sold to two different investors. Mr. Compton said he confirmed through a government Web site that his loan was now owned solely by Freddie Mac.

“It angers me quite a bit,” said Mr. Compton, who added that unlike other borrowers, he never took out a home equity loan during the boom and has consistently paid his bills. The refinancing program, he said, should be “a perfect fit for me.”

He suspects that Chase — as well as other lenders — believe “that if you just tell people ‘no’ often enough, eventually they will just say O.K., and move on.”

After being asked about Mr. Compton’s case, a Chase spokesman said the company was investigating his file. “We are reaching out to the customer to see if we could refinance him through HARP 2,” said the spokesman, referring to the expanded government program, “or offer another option.”

Meg Burns, senior associate director for housing and regulatory policy at the Federal Housing Finance Agency, said the agency could not control individual lenders.

Ms. Burns said the new criteria were intended to “serve these specific borrowers whose home values had declined and did not otherwise have access to a refinance or at a cost that we thought was reasonable.” She added that the program was not meant to bolster the overall economy. (Separately, since April 2009, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have refinanced eight million loans through other programs for borrowers who still have equity in their homes.)

Some analysts complain that the new rules are too narrow to spur enough refinancings to actually help the economy. Christopher J. Mayer, a professor of real estate at Columbia Business School, said the new criteria would do little to encourage banks to compete for refinancing business. “This was a program designed to be very small,” he said.

Even if the program were to help far more borrowers refinance, some economists expect little increase in consumer demand. A much larger refinancing boom last decade led to a rise in consumer spending that was only “modest and transitory,” said Sam Khater, senior economist at CoreLogic.

Indeed, the savings from a refinancing may go toward paying off other debts or creating a cushion for lean times.

It took two years for Leslie Davidson, a consultant who helps companies produce audio and Web conferences, to refinance the mortgage on her townhouse in Pacifica, Calif. After spending more than $1,200 on appraisals and getting rejected by several lenders, Ms. Davidson finally got approved through the federal government refinancing program with her current servicer, CitiMortgage, earlier this year.

She reduced her monthly payments by nearly $400, and bought an Apple laptop. But she is mostly using the savings to pay off more loan principal each month and reduce the credit card debt that she racked up during the economic downturn.

Government officials say the main benefit of the expanded refinancing program is to reduce the likelihood that borrowers — even those who have consistently made payments — will eventually default.

“The economy is weak, and the unemployment rate is high, and sometimes bad things happen to good people,” said Frank E. Nothaft, chief economist at Freddie Mac. “If they get hit with another whammy such as they lose their job,” he added, “they are more likely to go into delinquency and into foreclosure.”

But some critics say the government’s refinancing program sidesteps the fundamental problem that drives foreclosures, which is that close to 10.7 million borrowers — more than a fifth of all mortgage holders — owe more than their homes are worth. Many of them have already missed too many payments to be eligible for refinancing.

The housing market has yet to see its bottom, and an increasing number of economists worry that depressed housing prices and underwater borrowers are holding back a broader recovery.

“If the group we’re trying to reach is those who are underwater,” said Katherine Porter, a law professor at the University of California, Irvine who specializes in bankruptcy and mortgages, refinancing to lower monthly payments is “a very odd mismatch between the problem and the solution.”

She added: “Don’t get me wrong, that puts more dollars in families’ pockets and may have a stimulus effect, but it’s a very tangential way of addressing underwater homeowners.”

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